Series Ship Resistance and Flow/Сопротивление и обтекание судна

Издание на английском языке
This book covers modern methods for determining ship resistance, including modeling, empirical, and theoretical approaches. It examines experimental studies, theoretical development, and the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This section also discusses hull shape optimization, the influence of superstructures and vortices on hydrodynamics, which helps design more efficient and economical ships. It is suitable for engineers and specialists in shipbuilding and marine hydrodynamics.

Content
An Introduction to the Series
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors' Biography
Nomenclature
1. Introduction
1.1. The Importance of Accurate Resistance Predictions
1.2. Different Ways to Predict Resistance
1.2.1. Model Testing
1.2.2. Empirical Methods
1.2.3. Computational Techniques
1.2.4. Use of the Methods
1.3. The Structure of this Book
2. Governing Equations
2.1. Global Coordinate System
2.2. The Continuity Equation
2.3. The Navier-Stokes Equations
2.4. Boundary Conditions
2.4.1. Solid Surfaces
2.4.2. Water Surface
2.4.3. Infinity
2.5. Hydrodynamic and Hydrostatic Pressure
3. Similarity
3.1. Types of Similarity
3.2. Proof of Similarity
3.3. Consequences of the Similarity Requirements
3.3.1. Summary of Requirements
3.3.2. The Dilemma in Model Testing
4. Decomposition of Resistance
4.1. Resistance on a Straight Course in Calm, Unrestricted Water
4.1.1. Vessel Types
4.1.2. Detailed Decomposition of the Resistance
4.1.3. Comparison of the Four Vessel Types
4.2. Other Resistance Components
5. Inviscid Flow Around the Hull, Wave Making, and Wave Resistance
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Inviscid Flow Around a Body
5.2.1. Governing Equations
5.2.2. Inviscid Flow Around a Two-Dimensional Body
5.2.3. Inviscid Flow Around a Three-Dimensional Body
5.3. Free-Surface Waves
5.3.1. Derivation of Sinusoidal Waves
5.3.2. Properties of Sinusoidal Waves
5.4. Ship Waves
5.4.1. Two-Dimensional Waves
5.4.2. Three-Dimensional Waves
5.4.3. The Kelvin Pattern
5.4.4. Ship Wave Patterns
5.4.5. Interference Effects
5.4.6. The Ship Wave Spectrum
5.5. Wave Resistance
5.6. Wave Breaking and Spray
5.7. Viscous Effects on Ship Wave Patterns
5.8. Shallow-Water Effects on Wave Properties
5.9. Shallow-Water Effects on Ship Wave Patterns
5.9.1. Low Subcritical: Fnh < 0.7
5.9.2. High Subcritical: 0.7 < Fnh < 0.9
5.9.3. (Trans)critical: 0.9 < Fnh < 1.1
5.9.4. Supercritical: Fnh > 1
5.10. Shallow-Water Effects on Resistance
5.11. Far-Field Waves and Wash
5.11.1. Introduction
5.11.2. Far-Field Wave Amplitudes
5.11.3. Far-Field Wave Periods
5.12. Channel Effects
6. The Flow Around the Hull and the Viscous Resistance
6.1. Body-Fitted Coordinate System
6.2. The Boundary Layer
6.2.1. Physical Description of the Boundary Layer
6.2.2. Approximations of First Order Boundary Layer Theory
6.2.3. Local Boundary Layer Quantities
6.3. The Flat Plate
6.3.1. Laminar Boundary Layer
6.3.2. Transition From Laminar to Turbulent Flow
6.3.3. Turbulent Boundary Layer
6.3.4. Flat Plate Friction and Extrapolation Lines
6.4. Two-Dimensional Bodies
6.4.1. Pressure Distribution
6.4.2. General Effects of the Longitudinal Variation in Pressure
6.4.3. Transition
6.4.4. Separation
6.4.5. Form Effects and Form Factor
6.5. Axisymmetric Bodies
6.6. Three-Dimensional Bodies
6.6.1. Cross-flow
6.6.2. Three-Dimensional Separation
6.7. The Boundary Layer Around Ships
6.7.1. Pressure Distribution and Boundary Layer Development
6.7.2. Cross-sections Through the Boundary Layer
6.7.3. Effects on Viscous Resistance
6.7.4. Scale Effects
6.8. Roughness Allowance
6.8.1. Roughness and Fouling on Ships
6.8.2. Characterization of Roughness
6.8.3. Hydraulically Smooth Surfaces
6.8.4. Roughness Allowance Prediction
6.8.5. Bowden's Formula
6.8.6. Fouling
6.9. Drag Reduction
7. Other Resistance Components
7.1. Induced Resistance
7.1.1. Lift Generation
7.1.2. Vortices and Induced Resistance
7.1.3. The Elliptical Load Distribution
7.2. Appendage Resistance
7.2.1. Streamlined Bodies
7.2.2. Bluff Bodies
7.3. Air and Wind Resistance
7.3.1. True and Apparent Wind
7.3.2. Forces and Moments
7.3.3. Indirect Effects of the Wind
8. Experimental Resistance Prediction and Flow Measurement
8.1. Experimental Facilities
8.2. Model Resistance Tests
8.2.1. General
8.2.2. Model Size
8.2.3. Turbulence Stimulation
8.3. Prediction of Effective Power
8.3.1. Froude's Method
8.3.2. ITTC-78
8.3.3. Determination of the Form Factor
8.3.4. Discussion
8.4. Model Flow Measurements
8.4.1. Measurement Techniques for Flow Velocities and Wave Elevations
8.4.2. Wake Field/Flow Field Measurement
8.4.3. Tuft Test
8.4.4. Paint Test
8.4.5. Appendage Alignment Test
8.4.6. Wave Pattern Measurement
9. Numerical Prediction of Resistance and Flow Around the Hull
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Sources of Error in Numerical Methods
9.3. Verification and Validation
9.4. Separation of Physical Phenomena - The Zonal Approach
9.5. Prediction of Inviscid Flow Around a Body
9.5.1. Introduction
9.5.2. Use of Singularities
9.5.3. Panel Methods
9.5.4. General Derivation of Panel Methods
9.5.5. Application to a Ship: Double-Body Flow
9.6. Prediction of Inviscid Flow with Free Surface
9.6.1. The Free-Surface Potential Flow Problem
9.6.2. Linearization of the Free-Surface Potential-Flow Problem
9.6.3. Uniform-Flow Linearization
9.6.4. Slow-Ship Linearization
9.6.5. Solution Methods for the Nonlinear Wave Resistance Problem
9.7. Prediction of the Viscous Flow Around a Body
9.7.1. Classification of Methods Based on the Navier-Stokes Equations
9.7.2. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations
9.7.2.1. Coordinate System and Basis Vectors
9.7.2.2. Time Averaging of the Navier-Stokes Equations
9.7.3. Turbulence Modeling
9.7.3.1. The Boussinesq Assumption
9.7.3.2. Zero-Equation Models
9.7.3.3. One-Equation Models
9.7.3.4. Two-Equation Models
9.7.3.5. Algebraic Stress and Reynolds Stress Models
9.7.4. Grid
9.7.4.1. Single-Block Structured Grids
9.7.4.2. Multiblock Structured Grids
9.7.4.3. Overlapping Grids
9.7.4.4. Unstructured Grids
9.7.5. Discretization
9.7.5.1. The General Transport Equation
9.7.5.2. Discretization of the Convection-Diffusion Equation
9.7.5.3. Pressure-Velocity Coupling
9.7.6. Boundary Conditions
9.7.6.1. Inlet
9.7.6.2. Outlet
9.7.6.3. Symmetry
9.7.6.4. External
9.7.6.5. Wall
9.8. Prediction of Viscous Flow with a Free Surface
9.8.1. The Hybrid Approach
9.8.2. Fully Viscous Solutions
9.8.2.1. Interface Tracking Methods
9.8.2.2. Interface Capturing Methods
9.9. Practical Aspects of Ship Viscous Flow Computations
9.9.1. Modeling
9.9.2. Discretization
9.9.3. The Computation
9.9.4. Assessment of Accuracy
10. Empirical Resistance Prediction
10.1. Systematic Series
10.1.1. Parameters Varied
10.1.2. Summary of Systematic Series
10.1.3. Series 60
10.2. Statistical Methods
10.2.1. The Holtrop-Mennen Method
10.2.2. Savitsky's Method for Planing Hulls
11. Hull Design
11.1. Main Dimensions
11.2. Fullness and Displacement Distribution
11.2.1. Low Speed (Fn < 0.2)
11.2.2. Medium Displacement Speed (0.2 < Fn < 0.3)
11.2.3. High Displacement Speeds (0.3 < Fn < 0.5)
11.2.4. Semiplaning (0.5 < Fn < 1.0) and Planing (Fn > 1.0) Speeds
11.3. Resistance and Delivered Power
11.4. Typical Design Features of Four Classes of Ships
11.4.1. Full Ship Forms
11.4.1.1. Fullness and Displacement Distribution
11.4.1.2. Forebody Design
11.4.1.3. Afterbody Design
11.4.2. Slender Hull Forms
11.4.2.1. Fullness and Displacement Distribution
11.4.2.2. Forebody Design
11.4.2.3. Afterbody Design
11.4.3. Ferries and Cruise Liners
11.4.3.1. Fullness and Displacement Distribution
11.4.3.2. Forebody Design
11.4.3.3. Afterbody Design
11.4.4. High-Speed Ships
11.4.4.1. Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Lift
11.4.4.2. Fullness and Displacement Distribution
11.4.4.3. Hull Shape
11.4.4.4. Appendages
11.5. Detailed Hull Form Improvement - Wave-Making Aspects
11.5.1. Introduction
11.5.2. The Basic Procedure
11.5.3. Step 1: Relation of Hull Form and Pressure Distribution
11.5.4. Step 2: Relation of Pressure Distribution and Wave Making
11.5.5. Some Consequences
11.5.6. Discussion of the Procedure - Simplifications and Limitations
11.5.7. Bow and Entrance
11.5.8. Bow/Fore Shoulder Interference
11.5.9. Bulbous Bows
11.5.10. Aft Shoulder
11.5.11. Stern
11.5.11.1. Transom Stern Flows
11.5.11.2. Buttock Shape
11.6. Detailed Hull Form Improvement - Viscous Flow Aspects
11.6.1. Introduction
11.6.2. Viscous Resistance
11.6.3. Bubble-Type Flow Separation
11.6.4. Vortex Sheet Separation
11.6.5. Wake Field
References
Index