Guide to oil spill response in snow and ice conditions in the Arctic/Руководство по ликвидации разливов нефти в условиях снега и льда в Арктике

Издание на английском языке The objective of the Arctic version of the Guide is to identify and describe those aspects of planning and operations that are directly associated with a response to an Arctic oil spill in ice and snow conditions. Response strategies to deal with Arctic oil spills in summer open water conditions are not considered in the Guide. The Guide encompasses a wide range of concepts and information that would be too unwieldy to condense in their entirety in this Executive Summary. Rather, the contents and key points are summarised where they are useful in a box at the beginning of each Part, Chapter and subsection of this Guide. This Executive Summary is presented in two parts that reflect the very different, but linked, components of 1) Planning and Preparation for an incident, and 2) the Implementation of Response Strategies. These summary points are not presented in an order of importance: in fact, for the most part they are all important, as one component cannot be considered in isolation for planning, preparedness, and implementation. One summary point deserves special attention for remote Arctic areas: the need to have a rigorous, scientifically defensible, streamlined process in place to rapidly assess the environmental trade-offs and process the necessary approvals related to the use of dispersants and in situ burning. The goal is to maximise all the available options in an emergency, including mechanical recovery, where they are appropriate and effective. Giving responders the flexibility to rapidly select and apply the most effective and environmentally beneficial strategy is crucial to ensuring success of any spill response; linked with the need for thorough contingency planning and drills in advance. Contents Disclaimer Executive Summary List of Figures List of Tables Glossary Part I – Introduction Part II – Developing Response Plans and the Decision Process Chapter II-1 Response Objectives Chapter II-2 Stages of a Response Chapter II-3 Feasibility: Opportunities and Constraints Chapter II-4 Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) Chapter II-5 The Decision Process Part III – Background: Key Planning and Response Elements Chapter III-1 Marine and Coastal Oil Spill Scenarios Chapter III-2 Arctic Coastal and Marine Ice Environments Chapter III-3 Coastal Processes and Shoreline Types in Ice- and Snow-Affected Coastal Regions Chapter III-4 Response Infrastructure and Logistics in Ice- and Snow-affected Marineand Coastal Arctic regions Part IV – Arctic Oil Spills in Ice and Snow: Behaviour, Fate and Effects Chapter IV-1 Oil in Ice Fate and Behaviour Chapter IV-2 The Effects of Spilled Oil in Ice- and Snow-Affected Marine and Coastal Environments Part V – Marine Strategies and Response Options for Oiled Ice and Snow Chapter V-1 Background and Introduction Chapter V-2 Detection, Delineation, Monitoring and Tracking Chapter V-3 Mechanical Containment and Recovery Chapter V-4 Dispersion and Oil Mineral Aggregates (OMA) Chapter V-5 Controlled Burning Chapter V-6 Summary of Marine Spill Response Effectiveness Part VI – Coastal Response in Ice and Snow Chapter VI-1 Shoreline Assessment and Shoreline Treatment Decisions Chapter VI-2 Shoreline Treatment Strategies and Options for Oiled Ice and Snow Part VII – Oil Spill Response Safety for Operations in Ice and Snow Chapter VII-1 Principles of Safe Operations Chapter VII-2 Risk Identification and Mitigation (checklists) Chapter VII-3 Job Safety Analysis References & selected Bibliography Annex A – Oil Classification Annex B – Vessel Traffic Patterns in Ice-Covered Waters Annex C – Trends in Oil and Gas Activities in Ice-Covered Waters Annex D – Ice Cycles Annex E – Possible Vessel Spill Scenarios and Case Studies