Submarines in International Law/Подводные лодки в международном праве

Издание на английском языке
This book examines the legal status of submarines in international law, the history of their regulation, and modern rules of operation. It examines the development of norms from World War I to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, including issues of sovereign immunity, passage through territorial waters, straits, and archipelagic waters, military activities in the exclusive economic zone, self-defense, submarine warfare, navigational safety, sunken submarines, marine environmental protection, and the criminal use of underwater vehicles. Special attention is given to autonomous underwater vehicles and the future of legal regulation of underwater activities.

Content
List of Figures
Acknowledgements
Table of Cases
Table of Treaties
List of Abbreviations
1. Introducing Submarines in International Law
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Defining the Submarine
1.3. Sovereign Immunity and Submarines
1.4. Legal Taxonomy of Contemporary Submarines
1.4.1. Warships
1.4.2. Other Sovereign Immune Submarines
1.4.3. Underwater Maritime Autonomous Vehicles
1.4.4. Submarines Not Entitled to Sovereign Immunity
1.5. International Laws Regulating Submarines
1.5.1. International Legal Framework for Submarines
1.5.2. Outline of the Book and Scope
1.5.3. Aims of the Book
Part I. A Legal History of Submarines
2. The Rise of the Submarine: Belligerency, Neutrality and Emerging Laws of Passage in World War I
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Belligerency, Neutrality and Passage before World War I
2.2.1. Passage through the Territorial Sea Prior to the Hague Conferences
2.2.2. Passage through Straits Prior to the Hague Conferences
2.2.3. The Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907
2.2.4. Towards a Third Hague Peace Conference
2.3. Submarines in World War I
2.4. Neutrality and Passage in State Practice
2.4.1. The Netherlands
2.4.2. The Allied Memoranda of 1916
2.4.3. Spain
2.4.4. The United States
2.4.5. Norway, Sweden and Denmark
2.4.6. Turkey and the Straits
2.4.7. Italy and the Strait of Messina
2.4.8. South America
2.4.9. Japan
2.4.10. The Significance of State Practice
2.5. Conclusion
3. Regulating Submarines in the Inter-war Period from Versailles (1919) to The Hague (1930)
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Naval Strategy and the Treaty of Versailles
3.3. The Turkish Straits: The Treaties of Sevres (1920) and Lausanne (1923)
3.3.1. The Treaty of Sevres
3.3.2. The Treaty of Lausanne and the Straits Convention
3.4. The New Mandates: Pacific Interests
3.5. Limiting Arms: the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty and the 1930 London Naval Treaty
3.5.1. The Washington Conference and the 1922 Submarine Treaty
3.5.2. The Geneva Conference, the London Conference and the 1930 London Naval Treaty
3.6. The 1930 Hague Codification Conference
3.6.1. The League of Nations Committee of Experts
3.6.2. The Preparatory Committee
3.6.3. The IDI, ILA and Harvard Research
3.6.4. Discussions at and Final Output of the 1930 Hague Codification Conference
3.7. Conclusion
4. The Impact of the Second Sino-Japanese Warand World WarII
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Conflict and Competition in the Pacific
4.3. The 1936 London Naval Treaty and the Submarine Protocol
4.4. The 1936 Montreux Convention on the Turkish Straits
4.5. Submarine Warfare in World War II
4.6. Neutrality in World War II: New Rules for Submarines
4.7. Conclusion
5. The Post-war Settlement, the Early Cold War and the 1958 Law of the Sea Conventions
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Submarines in the Post-War Settlement
5.2.1. Yalta, San Francisco and Potsdam Conferences of 1945
5.2.2. Post-War Peace Agreements
5.2.3. The Settlement with Germany
5.3. Submarines in the Korean War and Early Nuclear Submarines
5.4. Submarines, Naval Warfare and Arms Control in the Post-World War II Period
5.4.1. Post-War Assessments of Submarines in the Law of Armed Conflict
5.4.2. Efforts to Regulate Nuclear Technology and Nuclear Weapons
5.5. The 1958 Conference and Treaties on the Law of the Sea
5.6. Conclusion
6. To Unclos and Beyond: Strategic Domination in Submarine Regulation
6.1. Introduction
6.2. The Second Conference on the Law of the Sea
6.3. Superpower Dynamics and Unclos Negotiations
6.3.1. Navigational Rights of Warships
6.3.2. Demilitarisation and Nuclear Proliferation
6.4. Beyond the Adoption of Unclos
6.4.1. Increased Intelligence Gathering, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
6.4.2. Submarines and Arms Reduction Agreements
6.4.3. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Agreements
6.5. Contemporary Security Setting for Submarines
6.6. Conclusion to Part I
Part II. Contemporary International Law of Submarines
7. Regimes of Passage in the Territorial Sea, International Straits and Archipelagic Waters
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Submarine Passage through the Territorial Sea
7.2.1. Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea
7.2.2. Permissible Safety Measures for Innocent Passage
7.2.3. Prior Notification or Authorisation for Passage
7.2.4. Responses to Passage Violations in the Territorial Sea
7.3. Transit Passage in International Straits
7.3.1. Exercise of the Right of Transit Passage
7.3.2. Straits Subject to the Regime of Transit Passage
7.3.3. Rights and Duties of Strait States
7.4. Archipelagic Waters and Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage
7.4.1. Innocent Passage in Archipelagic Waters
7.4.2. Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage
7.5. Conclusion
8. Military Activities, Intelligence Gathering and Other Submarine Activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Allocation of Rights and Duties in the EEZ
8.3. International Laws Regulating Foreign-Flagged Submarine Activities in the EEZ
8.3.1. Legality of Military Activities in the EEZ
8.3.2. Regulating Marine Scientific Research by Submarines
8.3.3. Regulating Commercial Activities of Submarines in the EEZ
8.4. Legal Limitations on Activities of Foreign-Flagged Submarines in Another State's EEZ
8.4.1. Due Regard
8.4.2. Non-Abuse of Rights
8.5. Conclusion
9. Submarines, Threats or Uses of Force and the Right of Self-Defence
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Submarines as Unlawful Threats of Force
9.2.1. Prohibited Threats of Force under International Law
9.2.2. Submarines as Threats of Use of Force
9.3. Unlawful Uses of Force at Sea
9.4. Prohibition on Force in Relation to Maritime Law Enforcement
9.5. Submarines and Armed Attack
9.6. Submarines and the Right of Self-Defence
9.7. Conclusion
10. Submarine Warfare under International Law
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Sources of Law Concerned with Submarine Warfare
10.2.1. Sources of Law
10.2.2. Interaction of the Law of the Sea with the Laws of Neutrality and Armed Conflict
10.3. Maritime Zones in Submarine Warfare
10.3.1. Internal Waters, the Territorial Sea and Archipelagic Waters
10.3.2. International Straits
10.3.3. Contiguous Zone, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf
10.3.4. High Seas
10.4. Law of Maritime Neutrality
10.4.1. Overarching Principles
10.4.2. Neutral Commerce
10.5. Law of Armed Conflict
10.5.1. Overarching Principles
10.5.2. Attacks on Targets at Sea
10.5.3. Means of Warfare
10.5.4. Methods of Warfare
10.6. Conclusion
11. Navigational Safety and Sunken Submarines
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Navigational Safety
11.3. Search and Rescue
11.4. Sunken Submarines under International Law
11.4.1. Sovereign Immunity of Sunken Military Submarines
11.4.2. Submarine Wrecks as Hazards
11.4.3. Salvage of Submarines
11.4.4. Underwater Cultural Heritage Law and Submarines
11.5. Conclusion
12. Submarines and the Protection of the Marine Environment
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Core Principles Relevant to Protection of the Marine Environment
12.3. International Environmental Law Issues in the Operation of Nuclear Submarines
12.3.1. Nuclear Submarines and Liability for Ultrahazardous Activities
12.3.2. Nuclear Submarines and Environmental Protection in Nuclear Free Zones
12.3.3. Environmental Obligations when Decommissioning Submarines
12.4. Noise Pollution
12.5. Conclusion
13 Submarines and Criminal Activity
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Criminal Jurisdiction under International Law
13.3. Submarine Involvement in Maritime Law Enforcement
13.4. Submarine Use in Criminal Activities
13.4.1. International Regulation of Drug-Trafficking
13.4.2. Example of National Regulation: The US DTVIA
13.4.3. Submarines Deployed for Terrorist Activities
13.5. Conclusion
14. Underwater Maritime Autonomous Vehicles and the Future of Submarines
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Questions of Definition
14.3. Navigational Rights and Duties
14.4. Law of Naval Warfare
14.5. Criminal Policing and Criminal Use
14.6. Future Directions for UMAVs
14.7. Conclusion to Part II
Index