Introduction to Ship-to-Ship Transfers for Oil Tankers/Введение в операции Ship-to-Ship для нефтяных танкеров

Издание на английском языке
The book is dedicated to the process of transferring oil between tankers at sea, known as Ship-to-Ship (STS) transfer. It covers all aspects of this operation, including the preparation of tankers, their fastening, the installation of special equipment and the safe pumping of oil. The book highlights the importance of strict compliance with safety protocols and careful planning to minimize the risks associated with offshore oil processing. The main purpose of the book is to train tanker captains and officers in the safe and effective conduct of such operations.

Contents
1 Introducing the MARPOL Regulations
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Background on the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
1.1.2 MARPOL Regulations for Oil Tankers
1.1.3 Overview of MARPOL Annex I—Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil
1.1.4 Requirements for Oil Tankers Regarding Oil Pollution Prevention
1.1.5 Implementation of MARPOL Regulations on Oil Tankers
1.1.6 Compliance Mechanisms for Oil Tankers Under MARPOL
1.1.7 Monitoring, Reporting, and Enforcement of MARPOL Regulations on Oil Tankers
1.1.8 Implications of MARPOL Regulations on Oil Tankers for the Maritime Industry
1.2 Marpol Annex 1
1.2.1 Regulation 40 Scope of Application
1.2.2 Regulation 41 General Rules on Safety and Environmental Protection
1.2.3 Regulation 42 Notification
2 STS Transfer Operations Plan
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Scope
3 Pre-arrival Planning
3.1 Conditions and Requirements
3.1.1 Ship Compatibility
3.1.2 Person in Overall Advisory Control (POAC)
3.1.3 Recording and Checklists
3.1.4 Approval from Authorities
3.1.5 Transfer Area
3.1.6 Weather Conditions
3.2 Communications
3.2.1 Language
3.2.2 STS Instructions
3.2.3 Navigational Warnings
3.2.4 Communications During Operations
3.2.5 Procedures for Communication Failure
3.3 Equipment
3.3.1 Fenders
3.3.2 Hoses
3.3.3 Hose Handling
3.3.4 Pipe Reducers
3.3.5 Mooring Equipment
3.3.6 Personnel Transfers
3.3.7 Lighting
3.3.8 Ancillary Equipment
3.4 Emergency
3.4.1 Emergency Signal
3.4.2 Emergency Situations
3.4.3 Emergencies During Manoeuvring
3.4.4 Procedures in the Event of Gas Accumulation on Deck
3.4.5 Accidental Cargo Release
3.4.6 SOPEP or VRP
3.4.7 State of Readiness for an Emergency
3.5 Risk Assessment
3.6 Contingency Plan
3.7 Safety
3.7.1 General Safety
3.7.2 Prevention of Fatigue
3.7.3 Safe Watch Keeping
3.7.4 Helicopter Operations
4 Arrival at Port
4.1 Operational Procedures Before Manoeuvring
4.1.1 Preparation of Ships
4.1.2 Navigational Signals
5 Berthing.
5.1 Manoeuvring
5.1.1 Basic Berthing Principles
5.1.2 Manoeuvring Alongside with Two Ships Under Power
5.1.3 General Advice for Controlling the Two Ships
5.1.4 Advice for Manoeuvring Alongside
5.1.5 Manoeuvring a Combined Two-Ship System to Anchor
5.1.6 Underway Transfer
5.1.7 Manoeuvres with One Ship at Anchor
6 Mooring
6.1 Mooring
6.1.1 Mooring Preparations
6.1.2 Tension in Mooring Lines
6.1.3 Mooring Line Lead Angles
6.1.4 Weather Thresholds
6.1.5 Long Period Waves
6.1.6 Direction of Wave Encounter
7 Cargo Transfer
7.1 Cargo Transfer
7.1.1 Pre-transfer Procedures
7.1.2 Responsibility for Cargo Operations
7.1.3 Planning for Cargo Transfer
7.2 Cargo Transfer
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Suspension of Cargo Transfer
7.3 Vapour Balancing Considerations
7.3.1 Vapour Balancing Considerations Before Commencing Cargo Transfer
7.3.2 Vapour Balancing Considerations During Cargo Transfer
7.4 Safety During Cargo Transfer
7.4.1 Smoking and Naked Lights
7.4.2 Earths on Electrical Switchboards
7.4.3 Boilers and Diesel Engines
7.4.4 Ship-to-Ship Electric Currents
7.4.5 Use of Radio and Satellite Communications Equipment
7.4.6 Use of Radar
7.4.7 Gas Accumulation
7.4.8 Electrical Storms
7.4.9 Galley Stoves
7.4.10 Readiness for Firefighting Equipment
7.4.11 Accommodation Openings
7.4.12 Unauthorised Craft.
7.5 Operations After Completion of Cargo Transfer
8 Unmooring
8.1 Unmooring Procedure While One Ship is at Anchor
8.2 Unmooring Procedure After Underway Transfer
8.3 Unmooring Checks
9 Unberthing
9.1 Procedure for Unberthing
9.1.1 Unmooring Using Quick Release Apparatus or Toggle Pins
Glossary of Terms
Bibliography