Design of Shipboard Power System Grounding/Earthing/Проектирование заземления судовой энергосистемы

Издание на английском языке
The book is devoted to the specifics of grounding in power supply systems on ships, emphasizing the importance of proper understanding and application of various grounding methods. She examines the unique aspects associated with metal hulls of ships in contact with the ocean and explains how systems can be ungrounded, rigidly grounded, or grounded through resistance. Special attention is paid to the management of harmonic and common currents, as well as safety related to protective grounding. The authors, having extensive experience in designing ship systems, came to the conclusion that an integrated approach to grounding issues was necessary, which led to cooperation with international experts. The book serves as a valuable resource for students and professionals in the field of ship system design, offering analysis, models and practical recommendations. It aims to improve the understanding and practice of grounding, which, in turn, will increase the level of electrical safety on ships.

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 General
1.2 Grounding and Earthing Definitions
1.3 Common Mode Terminology
1.4 Types of Power Distribution Systems
1.5 Types of Power System Grounding Systems
1.6 Modeling and Simulation
1.7 Book Overview
1.8 Legal Notice 13 References
2 System Grounding: Shipboard Ungrounded AC Systems (No Greater than 1 kV)
2.1 Characteristics
2.2 Modeling Shipboard Ungrounded AC Low-Voltage Distribution Systems
2.2.1 Low-Voltage AC Cable Model
2.2.2 Bus Duct
2.2.3 EMI Filters
2.2.4 Generators and Motors
2.2.5 Transformers
2.2.6 System Simulation
2.3 Ground Fault Detection
2.4 Ground Fault Localization
2.5 Electrical Insulation Impacts
2.6 One-Line Diagram Symbology
2.7 Case Studies
2.7.1 Modeling a Low-Voltage AC Cable
2.7.2 Modeling a Cable Line-to-Line Capacitance for GFCI Calculations
2.8 Reference Cable Data 49 References
3 System Grounding: Shipboard HRG AC Low-Voltage Distribution Systems (No Greater than 1 kV)
3.1 Characteristics
3.2 Grounding Circuit
3.2.1 Grounding Resistor Characteristics
3.2.2 Neutral Ground
3.2.3 Zigzag Transformer
3.2.4 Wye-Delta Transformer
3.2.5 Wye-Broken Delta Transformer
3.2.6 One-Line Diagram Symbology
3.2.7 Grounding Transformer Characteristics
3.2.8 Grounding Transformer Saturation
3.3 Location of Grounding Circuit
3.4 Ground Fault Detection
3.5 Ground Fault Localization
3.5.1 Pulsing System
3.5.2 Low-Resistance Ground Fault Clearing
3.5.3 Common Mode Current Phase Measurements
3.6 Electrical Insulation Impacts
3.7 Limiting Ground Fault Current
References
4 System Grounding: Shipboard Solidly Grounded AC Systems (No Greater than V)
4.1 Characteristics
4.2 Design Considerations
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Transformers
4.2.3 Sub-power Panels
4.2.4 Ground Fault Protection
4.3 Cable Insulation Colors
5 System Grounding: Shipboard HRG AC Primary Distribution Systems (Greater than 1 kV)
5.1 Characteristics
5.2 Grounding Circuit
5.2.1 Grounding Resistor Transformer
5.2.2 Wye-Broken Delta Transformer
5.2.3 Grounding Resistor Design
5.3 Modeling Shipboard HRG AC Primary Distribution Systems
5.3.1 Three-Conductor Shielded Cable Models
5.3.2 Single-Conductor Cable and Insulated Bus Pipe Models
5.3.3 EMI and Harmonic Filters
5.3.4 Generators and Motors
5.3.5 Transformers
5.3.6 System Simulation
5.4 Location of Grounding Circuit
5.5 Ground Fault Detection
5.6 Ground Fault Localization
5.7 Electrical Insulation Impact
5.7.1 Insulation Voltage Rating
5.7.2 Partial Discharge
5.8 Limiting Ground Fault Current
5.9 Cable Terminations
References
6 System Grounding: Shipboard Ungrounded DC Systems (No Greater than 1 kV)
6.1 Characteristics
6.2 Modeling
6.2.1 Two-Conductor Unshielded Cable
6.2.2 Four-Conductor Unshielded Cable
6.2.3 Passive Rectifiers
6.2.4 Active Rectifiers
6.3 Ground Fault Detection
6.4 Ground Fault Localization
6.5 Auctioneering Diodes
6.6 Electrical Insulation Impacts
6.7 Cable Insulation Colors
References
7 System Grounding: Shipboard HRG DC Systems
7.1 Characteristics
7.2 Grounding Methods
7.2.1 Line-to-Ground Resistors
7.2.2 Split Power Supply
7.2.3 Grounding Bus
7.2.4 Current Sensors
7.3 Modeling
7.3.1 Four-Conductor Shielded Cable
7.4 Ground Fault Detection
7.5 Ground Fault Localization
7.6 Electrical Insulation Impacts
7.6.1 Insulation Voltage Rating
7.6.2 Partial Discharge
7.6.3 Space Charge
References
8 System Grounding: Shipboard Solidly Grounded DC Systems (No Greater than 1 kV)
8.1 Characteristics
8.2 Corrosion
8.3 Modeling Shipboard Solidly Grounded DC Systems
8.4 Ground Fault Detection and Localization
8.5 Electrical Insulation Impacts
8.6 Cable Insulation Colors
9 Designing Shipboard Power System Grounding/Earthing Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 AC Primary Distribution Systems
9.3 AC Low-Voltage Distribution Systems
9.4 AC Low-Voltage Secondary Distribution Systems
9.5 AC Low-Voltage Special Circuits
9.6 DC Primary Distribution Systems
9.7 DC Low-Voltage Distribution Systems
9.8 DC Low-Voltage Secondary Distribution Systems
9.9 DC Low-Voltage Special Circuits
9.10 Examples
9.10.1 AC Low-Voltage Distribution System for Commercial Mechanical Drive Ship
9.10.2 AC Primary Distribution System for Commercial Integrated Power System Ship
9.10.3 Low-Voltage AC Zonal Distribution
9.10.4 Zonal AC Primary Distribution
9.10.5 Commercial Ship DC Distribution
9.10.6 Zonal DC Primary Distribution
References
10 Power Conversion Equipment Grounding
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Transformers
10.3 Isolated Power Conversion Equipment
10.4 Non-Isolated Power Conversion Equipment
10.5 CM Voltage and Current Control
10.6 VFD Cable
10.6.1 VFD Cable Description and Use
10.6.2 VFD Cable Modeling (Without Conductor Shields)
10.6.3 VFD Cable Modeling (with Conductor Shields)
10.7 Examples
10.7.1 Directly Connected VFD and Motor - No More than 1 kV
10.7.2 Transformer-Supplied VFD and Motor - No Greater than 1 kV
10.7.3 Propulsion Motor Drives - Greater than 1 kV
10.8 Maintenance Considerations
References
11 Shore Power (Cold Ironing) Connection Grounding
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Low-Voltage Shore Connections
11.3 High-Voltage Shore Connections
References
12 Vehicle Connections Grounding
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Design Considerations
12.2.1 Aircraft Static Electricity
12.2.2 Vehicle Electrical Systems
References
13 Common Mode Grounding: Impact of Common Mode Currents and Voltages on Grounding Systems
13.1 Common Mode Fundamentals
13.2 Relationship of CM to EMI and EMC
13.3 Control of CM Currents and Voltages
13.3.1 Equipment Design
13.3.2 Cable Shields, Drain Wires, and Ground Conductors
13.3.3 Inductors and CM Chokes
13.3.4 Capacitors and CM Shunts
13.3.5 CM Control Philosophies
13.3.5.1 Cable Only Solution
13.3.5.2 Cable and CM Choke Solution
13.3.5.3 Controlling CM at the Interfaces
13.3.5.4 Controlling CM at the HRG
13.3.5.5 Controlling CM Within Motors and Generators
13.3.6 CM AC Limits
13.3.7 CM DC Limits
13.4 Advanced CM Modeling
13.5 Design Considerations
References
14 Protective Earthing: Bonding
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Design Considerations
14.3 Testing
References
15 Current-Related Corrosion
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Galvanic Corrosion Theory
15.3 Impact of Current on Galvanic Corrosion
15.3.1 DC Current
15.3.2 AC Current
15.4 Shipboard Corrosion
15.4.1 Hull and Structure Corrosion
15.4.2 Propulsion Shaft Corrosion
15.4.3 Electrical Connection Corrosion
15.4.4 Bearing Corrosion
15.5 Cathodic Protection Systems
15.5.1 Sacrificial Anodes
15.5.2 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
References
16 Lightning Protection Systems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Design Considerations
16.2.1 Zone of Protection
16.2.2 Air Terminals
16.2.3 Down Conductors
16.2.4 Low-Impedance Ground Connection
16.2.5 Surge Protection
References
17 Grounding Systems for Nonmetallic Hull Ships
17.1 Design Considerations
Reference
Appendix A Glossary
Appendix B Acronyms and Abbreviations
Appendix C Impact of Electric Current on Humans
Index