Fundamentals of Offshore Engineering/Основы морской инженерии

Издание на английском языке
Fundamentals of Offshore Engineering addresses the basics of design for offshore oil and gas production systems and examines the health, safety, and environmental (HSE) aspects in the oil and gas industry with emphasis toward safety measures in design and operations. It also covers fundamental issues of crude oil and natural gas exploration and extraction and also includes coverage of seismic surveys and green energy systems. Details of offshore platforms, describing the types, historical development, basics of analysis and design, environmental loads, and potential hazards are also provided. The book serves as a useful resource for universities that teach offshore engineering to senior undergraduate and graduate students as well as a guide for practicing engineers.
Includes coverage of wave loads, wind loads, ice loads, and fire loads on structures.
Discusses offshore pipelines and subsea engineering to help readers understand the fundamentals of petroleum production and related pipeline installation.

Contents
Preface
About the Authors
List of Figures
Chapter 1 Offshore Oil and Gas Industry
1.1 Environmental Issues and Management
1.2 Anthropogenic Impact of Hydrosphere
1.3 Marine Pollution.
1.4 Impact Caused by Oil and Gas Industries
1.5 Drilling Operations and Consequences
1.6 Pollution Due to Produced Waters
1.7 Drilling Accidents
1.7.1 Underwater Storage Reservoirs
1.7.2 Pipelines
1.7.3 Impact on Marine Pollution.
1.8 Oil Hydrocarbons: Composition and Consequences
1.8.1 Detection of Oil Content
1.9 Oil Spill
1.9.1 Environmental Impact.
1.9.2 Oil: A Multicomponent Toxicant
1.9.3 Oil Spill
1.10 Chemicals and Wastes from Offshore Oil Industry
1.10.1 Drilling Discharges
1.11 Control of Oil Spill
1.12 Environmental Management Issues.
1.12.1 Environmental Protection: Principles Applied to Oil and Gas Activities
1.12.2 Environmental Management: Standards and Requirements
1.13 Ecological Monitoring
1.13.1 Ecological Monitoring Stages
1.14 Atmospheric Pollution
1.14.1 Release and Dispersion Models
1.14.2 Plume and Puff Models
1.15 Dispersion Models for Neutrally and Positively Buoyant Gas
1.15.1 Plume Dispersion Models.
1.15.2 Maximum Plume Concentration
1.16 Puff Dispersion Model
1.16.1 Maximum Puff Concentration.
1.17 Isopleths
1.18 Dispersion Coefficients
1.18.1 Estimates from Equations
1.19 Dense Gas Dispersion.
1.19.1 Bitter-McQuaid Model
1.20 Dispersed Liquid and Gas: Toxic Effects
1.21 Hazard Assessment and Accident Scenarios
1.21.1 Damage Estimate Modeling: Probit Model
1.22 Fire and Explosion Models
1.23 Accident Case Studies: A Brief Outline.
1.23.1 Sleipner A Platform.
1.23.2 Thunder Horse Platform
1.23.3 Timor Sea Oil Rig
1.23.4 Bombay High North in Offshore Mumbai
Chapter 2 Health. Safety, and Environmental (HSE) Practices
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Glossary of Terms
2.3 Importance of Safety
2.3.1 What is Safety?
2.4 Objectives of HSE
2.5 Need for Safety
2.6 Organizing Safety
2.6.1 Ekofisk B Blowout
2.6.2 Enchova Blowout
2.6.3 West Vanguard Gas Blowout
2.6.4 Ekofisk-A Riser Rupture
2.6.5 Piper-A Explosion and Fire
2.7 Risk
2.8 Safety Assurance and Assessment
2.9 Logical Risk Analysis
2.10 Defeating Accident Process
2.11 Acceptable Risk
2.12 Risk Assessment
2.12.1 Hazard Identification
2.12.2 Dose-Response Assessment.
2.12.3 Exposure Assessment
2.12.4 Risk Characterization
2.13 Application Issues in Risk Assessment
2.14 Hazard Classification and Assessment
2.15 Hazard Identification
2.15.1 Identification Methods.
2.16 Hazard Identification During Operation (HAZOP)
2.16.1 HAZOP Objectives.
2.17 Application Areas of HAZOP
2.18 Advantages of HAZOP
2.19 Steps in HAZOP
2.19.1 Backbone of HAZOP
2.20 HAZOP Flowchart.
2.20.1 Full and Exception Recording
2.20.2 Pseudo-Secondary Words
2.21 When to Do HAZOP?
2.22 Types of HAZOP
2.23 Case Study: Group Gathering Station
2.23.1 Methodology
Chapter 3 Crude Oil and Natural Gas
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Origin of Crude Oil and Natural Gas
3.3 Essential Properties: Chemical and Rheological
Characteristics
3.4 Oil and Gas Reservoir
3.5 Seismic Surveys for Oil and Gas Exploration Fields
3.5.1 Fold of Coverage Calculations
3.6 Non-Conventional Sources of Oil and Gas
3.7 Green Energy Systems: Wave, Wind, and Solar Power
Chapter 4 Offshore Platforms
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Bottom-Supported Structures
4.3 Jacket Platforms
4.4 Gravity Platforms
4.5 Jack-Up Rigs
4.6 Compliant Structures
4.6.1 Guyed Tower
4.6.2 Articulated Tower
4.6.3 Tension Leg Platform
4.7 Floating Platforms
4.7.1 Semisubmersibles
4.7.2 Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading FPSO. Platform
4.7.3 Single-Point Anchor Reservoir (SPAR)
4.8 New Generation Offshore Platforms.
4.8.1 Buoyant Leg Structure (BLS)
4.8.2 Triceratops.
4.8.3 Floating, Storage and Regasification Units (FSRUs)
4.9 Drillships
4.10 Environmental Forces
4.10.1 Load Classification
4.10.2 Wind Forces
4.10.3 Wave Forces
4.11 Wave Theories
4.11.1 Airy’s Theory
4.12 Water Particle Kinematics
4.13 Hydrostatic Stability of Floating Bodies
4.13.1 Transverse Stability
4.14 Buoyant Forces
4.15 Current Forces
4.16 Additional Environmental Loads.
4.16.1 Earthquake Loads
4.16.2 Ice and Snow Loads
4.16.3 Temperature Variations.
4.16.4 Marine Growth
4.16.5 Tides
4.16.6 Seafloor Movement
4.17 Wind Force on Compliant Platform
4.18 Dead Load.
4.19 Live Load
4.20 Impact Load
4.21 General Design Requirements
4.21.1 Soil Investigation
4.21.2 Allowable Stress Method
4.21.3 Limit State Method
4.21.4 Fabrication and Installation Loads
4.21.5 Lifting Force
4.21.6 Load-Out Force
4.21.7 Transportation Forces
4.21.8 Launching and Upending
4.21.9 Accidental Load
4.22 Corrosion
4.22.1 Corrosion in Steel
4.22.2 Corrosion in Concrete
4.22.3 Realkalization
4.23 Corrosion Prevention
4.23.1 Corrosion Protection
4.24 Repair and Rehabilitation
Chapter 5 Petroleum Production
5.1 Petroleum Drilling
5.2 Rotary Drilling Rig
5.2.1 Rotary System
5.2.2 Hoisting System
5.2.3 Block and Tackle System: A
5.2.4 Circulating System
5.2.5 Well Control and Monitoring Systems
5.3 Blowout
5.3.1 Surface Blowout
5.3.2 Subsea Blowout.
5.3.3 Underground Blowout
5.4 Kick."
5.4.1 Insufficient Mud Weight
5.4.2 Improper Hole Fill-up
5.4.3 Swabbing.
5.4.4 Cut Mud
5.4.5 Lost Circulation
5.5 Well Types.
5.6 Installation and Commissioning
5.7 Production Process
5.7.1 Horizontal Separator.
5.7.2 Vertical Separator
5.7.3 Spherical Separator
5.8 Sections of Separator
5.8.1 Inlet Diverter Section
5.8.2 Liquid Collection Section
5.8.3 Gravity Settling Section
5.8.4 Mist Extractor Section
5.9 Heater Treater
5.9.1 Horizontal Heater-Treater
5.10 Offshore Production System
5.10.1 Fixed Production Platform
5.10.2 Process Platform
5.10.3 Injection Platform
5.11 Production Facility in a Floating Platform
5.11.1 Topsides.
5.11.2 Process System Module
5.12 Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO).
5.13 Offloading Terminals
5.14 Single-Point Mooring
5.14.1 Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring (CALM)
5.14.2 Single Anchor Leg Mooring
5.15 Single-Point Mooring Tower (SPMT)
5.15.1 Fixed Tower Mooring
5.16 Termination of Wells
5.17 Well Barrier Envelope
5.17.1 Primary and Secondary Well Barriers.
5.18 Environmental Plug
5.19 Phases of Well Abandonment
5.19.1 Phase 1: Reservoir Abandonment
5.19.2 Phase 2: Intermediate Abandonment
5.19.3 Phase 3: Removal of Conductor and Wellhead .
5.20 Enhanced Oil Recovery
5.21 EOR in Offshore Environment
5.21.1 Prerequisite Knowledge
5.22 Thermal Recovery
5.22.1 Steam Injection.
5.22.2 Cyclic Steam Stimulation.
5.22.3 Steam Flooding
5.22.4 In-Situ Combustion (ISC).
5.22.5 Dry Forward Combustion (DFC)
5.22.6 Wet Forward Combustion (WFC)
5.22.7 Reverse Combustion.
5.23 Chemical Flooding.
5.23.1 Polymer Flooding
5.23.2 Surfactant Flooding
5.23.3 Alkaline Flooding
5.24 Emulsification.
5.25 Wettability Reversal.
5.26 Gas Injection
5.27 New EOR Techniques
5.28 Oil Spill and Prevention
Chapter 6 Subsea Systems.
6.1 Subsea Production Systems (SSS)
6.1.1 Subsea Production Tree
6.1.2 Pipeline and Flow Line
6.1.3 Umbilical.
6.1.4 Jumper
6.1.5 Termination Unit
6.1.6 Production Risers
6.1.7 Template
6.2 Subsea Manifold
6.3 Production Tree
6.4 Jumpers and Umbilicals
6.5 Termination Unit
6.6 Production Riser
Exercise
References
Index