Application of Higher-Strength Hull Structural Thick Steel Plates in Container Carriers/Применение толстых стальных листов в конструкциях корпусов контейнеровозов повышенной прочности

Издание на английском языке
The book explores the development of technologies and materials used in the construction of modern container ships, emphasizing the importance of using thick steel plates with high strength to ensure the necessary rigidity of the ship's hull. In recent decades, with the increasing size of container ships, there has been a need for stronger and more reliable structures, which has led to the use of steel plates with a minimum compressive strength of 460 N/mm2 and steel that prevents brittle cracks.
The author examines how these innovations affect the design of key structural elements, such as the upper deck and longitudinal elements, and discusses the experience and methods used in the shipbuilding industry. The book also includes updated requirements and recommendations based on ship classification rules, and provides additional guidance for the use of high-strength steels, which improves the reliability and safety of container ships.
The publication reflects the latest changes in the regulatory framework and introduces new standards that help take into account the impact of various factors, such as fluctuations and dynamic loads, on the strength and durability of ships. Ultimately, the book serves as an important resource for professionals in the field of shipbuilding and design, striving to introduce modern technologies and ensure high efficiency of marine cargo transportation.

Contents
Section 1 Introduction
1 General.
3 Application
4 Goal Based Standards
5 Notations
5.1 Enhanced Brittle Crack Arrest Application.
5.3 Whipping and Springing Assessment
Section 2 Hull Structural Design with Higher-Strength Thick Steel Plates
I Introduction
1.1 Objective
1.3 General
3 Selection of Material Grade
3.1 Upper Deck
3.3 Hatch Coaming
3.5 Additional Arrangements.
3.7 Selection of Brittle Crack Arrest (BCA) Steels
4 Alternative to BCA Materials
5 Hull Girder Strength
5.1 Hull Girder Section Modulus
5.3 Hull Girder Moment of Inertia
5.5 Hull Girder Shearing Strength
5.7 Hull Girder Torsional Strength
7 Initial Scantling Evaluation
9 Total Strength Assessment
II Structural Details and Fatigue Strength Assessment
13 Brittle Crack Arrest Design
15 Overall Process for BCA Steel and BCA Design
Table 1 Material Grade
Table 2 BCA Steel Requirement in Function of Structural Members and Thickness
Table 3 Material Factor Q for Determining Required Hull Girder Section Modulus
Table 4 Material Factor and Strength
Figure 1A Flowchart for BCA Steel/BCA Design - H36 Steel Grade for Hatch Coaming Side and Top Plating
Figure 1B Flowchart for BCA Steel/BCA Design - H40 Steel Grade for Hatch Coaming Side and Top Plating
Figure 1C Flowchart for BCA Steel/BCA Design - H47 Steel Grade for Hatch Coaming Side and Top Plating
Section 3 Testing and Certification of Thick Steel Plates
1 Introduction
1.1 Objective
1.3 General Requirements
3 H47 Steels
3.1 Chemical Composition
3.3 Carbon Equivalent
3.5 Cold Cracking Susceptibility
3.7 Tensile Properties
3.9 Impact Properties
5 H36/H40/H47 BCA Steels
5.1 General
5.3 Chemical Composition
5.5 Carbon Equivalent.
5.7 Cold Cracking Susceptibility
5.9 Tensile Properties
5.11 Impact Properties
5.13 BCA Properties
7 Testing and Inspection during Production
7.1 General
7.3 Defects
7.5 Identification of Materials
7.7 Manufacturer’s Certificates
7.9 Identification of Specimens and Retests.
7.11 Standard Test Specimens
7.13 Yield Strength and Elongation
7.15 Permissible Variations in Dimensions
7.17 Process of Manufacture
7.19 Condition of Supply
7.21 Marking
7.23 Surface Finish
7.25 Fine Grain Practice
7.27 Additional Tests for BCA Steels
7.29 Ultrasonic Examination of Plate Materials
Table 1 Chemical Properties of H47 Non-BCA Steel
Table 2 Carbon Equivalent for H47 Non-BCA Steel
Table 3 Cold Cracking Susceptibility for H47 Non-BCA Steel
Table 4 Tensile Properties of H47 Non-BCA and BCA Steel
Table 5 Impact Properties of H47 Non-BCA and BCA Steel
Table 6 Chemical Properties of H36/H40/H47 BCA Steel
Table 7 Carbon Equivalent for H40/H47 BCA Steels
Table 8 Cold Cracking Susceptibility for H47 BCA Steels
Table 9 Requirements for H36/H40/H47 BCA Properties
Section 4 Welding and Fabrication of Thick Steel Plates with Minimum Yield Stress of 460 N/mm2 (47 kgf/mm2, 67 ksi)
1 Introduction
1.1 Objective
2 General
2.1 Preparation for Welding.
2.3 Production Welding
2.5 Butt Welds.
2.7 Workmanship Test
2.9 Short Bead
2.11 High Heat Input Welding
3 Requirements of Filler Metals
3.1 General.
3.3 Mechanical Properties
3.5 Application of Filler Metal
5 Approval of Welding Procedures
5.1 General.
5.3 Approved Filler Metals.
5.5 Test Requirements.
7 Welding Qualification
7.1 Welding Equipment Operator Qualification
7.3 Welder Qualification
9 Nondestructive Examination
9.1 General
9.3 Enhanced Criteria
Table 1 Mechanical Properties for Deposited Metal Tests for
Welding Consumables
Table 2 Mechanical Properties for Butt Weld Tests for Welding
Consumables
Table 3 Applicable Filler Metals
Table 4 Toughness Requirements of Welds of H47 Non-BCA and BCA Steel
Section 5 Prevention of Fatigue and Fracture Failure in Thick Steel Plates
1 Introduction
1.1 Objective
1.3 General
3 Nondestructive Inspection of Welds
3.1 General
3.3 New Construction.
3.5 Vessels in Service
3.7 Requirements for Nondestructive Test
5 Prevention of Fatigue Failure
5.1 Fatigue Strength Assessment
5.3 Fatigue Strength Improvement of Welds.
7 Prevention of Fracture Failure
7.1 General
7.3 Crack Stop Hole
7.5 High Toughness Weld
7.7 Block Joint Shift
7.9 Insert Plate
9 Hull Girder Residual Strength.
Figure 1 Upper Flange Longitudinal Structural Members
Figure 2 Grinding of Butt Weld
Figure 3 Crack Stop Holes
Figure 4 High Toughness Weld
Figure 5 Block Joint Shift
Figure 6 Insert Plate (1 February 2012)
Appendix 1 Full Ship Finite Element Based Fatigue Strength Assessment of Upper Flange Structure.
1 General
1.1 Note
1.3 Applicability
1.5 Loadings
1.7 Effects of Corrosion
1.9 Format of the Criteria
3 Connections to be Considered for the Fatigue Strength Assessment
3.1 General
3.3 Guidance on Locations.
3.5 Fatigue Classification
5 Fatigue Damage Calculation
5.1 Assumptions
5.3 Criteria
5.5 Long Term Stress Distribution Parameter
5.7 Fatigue Damage.
7 Fatigue Inducing Loads and Load Combination Cases
7.1 General
7.3 Wave-induced Loads
7.5 Combinations of Load Cases for Fatigue Assessment
9 Determination of Wave Induced Stress Range
9.1 General
9.3 Hatch Corners
11 Hot Spot Stress Approach with Finite Element Analysis
11.1 Introduction
11.3 Calculation of Hot Spot Stress at a Weld Toe
11.5 Calculation of Hot Spot Stress at the Edge of Cutout or Bracket
Table 1 Fatigue Classification for Structural Details
Table 2 Welded Joint with Two or More Load Carrying Members
Table 3 Combined Load Cases for Fatigue Strength Formulation
Figure 1 Basic Design S-N Curves
Figure 2 Hatch Corners at Decks and Coaming Top
Figure 3 Circular Shape
Figure 4 Double Curvature Shape
Figure 5 Elliptical Shape
Figure 6 Hatch Corner for Longitudinal Deck Girder.
Figure 7
Figure 8
Appendix 2 Hull Girder Residual Strength.
1 General
3 Vertical Hull Girder Residual Limit State
5 Vertical Hull Girder Residual Bending Moment Capacity
Appendix 3 Procedure for the Approval of Manufacturers of Rolled Brittle Crack Arrest Hull Structural Steel
1 Scope
3 Approval Application
5 Selection of the Test Products
7 Approval Tests
7.1 General
7.3 Through Thickness Tensile Test
7.5 Charpy Impact Test
7.7 Drop Weight Test.
7.9 Large-Scale Testing for BCA Properties
7.11 Small-Scale Testing for BCA Properties during Production
7.13 Weldability Testing.
7.15 Y-Shape Weld Crack Test (Hydrogen Crack Test)
7.17 Crack Tip Opening Displacement Test
9 Results
11 Approval and Certification
13 Renewal of Approval
Appendix 4 Testing Method for the Brittle Crack Arrest Toughness, Kca
1 Scope
3 Test Procedures.
5 Determination of Kcaata Specific Temperature and the Evaluation
5.1 Method
5.3 Evaluation
Figure 1 Example for Evaluation of Kcaat -10°C.
Figure 2 Example for Evaluation of Temperature Corresponding to the Required Kca
Appendix 5 Outline of Requirements for Undertaking Isothermal Crack Arrest Temperature (CAT) Test
I Scope of Application
3 Symbols, Units, and Significance
5 Testing Equipment
7 Testing Specimens
7.1 Impact Type Crack Initiation
7.3 Double Tension Type Crack Initiation.
7.5 Embrittled Zone Setting
7.7 Side Grooves
7.9 Nominal Length of Embrittled Zone
7.11 Tab Plate/Pin Chuck Details and Welding of Test Specimen to Tab Plates
9 Test Method
9.1 Preloading.
9.3 Temperature Measurement and Control
9.5 Loading and Brittle Crack Initiation
II Measurements after Test and Test Validation Judgment
11.1 Brittle Crack Initiation and Validation
11.3 Crack Path Examination and Validation
11.5 Fracture Surface Examination, Crack Length Measurement and Their Validation.
13 Judgment of “Arrest” or “Propagate”
15 Ttest, Tarrest and CAT Determination
15.1 Ttest Determination
15.3 Tarrest Determination
15.5 CAT Determination
17 Reporting
19 Use of Test for Material Qualification Testing
Table 1 Acceptable LTG Range
Figure 1 Test Specimen Dimensions for an Impact Type Specimen
Figure 2 Side Groove Configuration and Dimensions
Figure 3 Definition of EBW Length
Figure 4 Locations of Temperature Measurement
Figure 5 Detail of LTG Zone and Additional Thermocouple A0
Figure 6 Schematic Temperature Gradient Profile in LTG Zone
Figure 7 Allowable Range of Main Crack Propagation Path
Figure 8 Counting Procedure of Defect Line Fraction
Appendix 6 Approval Scheme of Small-scale Test Methods for Brittle Crack Arrest Steels
1 Scope
1.1
1.3
3 Approval Application
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.7
5 Establishment of Procedure Specification for Small-scale
Testing.
5.1 General
5.3 Types and Methods of Testing.
5.5 Testing Data
5.7 Validation of Correlation
5.9 Acceptance Criterion
7 Approval Tests
7.1 General
7.3 Extent of the Approval Tests
7.5 Type of Tests
9 Results
9.1
9.3
9.5
11 Approval
Table 1 Example of Small-scale Test Method Example Using NRL Drop Weight Test and V-notch Charpy Impact Test (Informative)
Table 2 Example of Small-scale Test Method Using Pressed-notch Charpy Impact Test (Informative)
Table 3 Example of Small-scale Test Method Using Sidesection Drop Weight Test (Informative)
Figure 1 Example for Determination of Acceptance Criterion of Small-scale Test for Correlation by Means of Temperature
Figure 2 Example for Determination of Acceptance Criterion of Small-scale Test for Correlation by Means of Brittle Crack Arrest Toughness (Kca)
Appendix 7 Engineering Critical Assessment for Hatch Coamings
1 General
1.1 Application
1.3 Critical Areas
3 Fracture Mechanics Analysis.
3.1 Fracture Mechanics Analysis Procedure
3.3 Initial Flaw Size
3.5 Load Distribution
3.7 Stress Intensity Factor Range
3.9 Crack Propagation Analysis
3.11 Material Properties
3.13 Acceptance Criteria
3.15 Allowable Zone of Initial Single Flaw Size.
5 Inspection of Critical Areas on Hatch Coaming Top
5.1 Surveys during Construction
5.3 Construction Monitoring Plan
5.5 Hull Condition Monitoring
Table 1 Details of Paris’ Law Parameters
Figure 1 FMA Procedure.
Figure 2 Initial Surface Crack above or under the Coaming Top Plate.
Figure 3 Initial Embedded Flaws inside Coaming Top Plate
Figure 4 A Sample of Weibull Distribution Stress Range
Figure 5 Crack Propagation
Figure 6 Option 1 Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD).
Figure 7 Allowable Zone of Initial Flaw Size for Surface Flaw