International Safety Guide for Inland Navigation Tank-barges and Terminals (ISGINTT)/Международное руководство по безопасности для танкеров внутреннего плавания и терминалов

Книга на английском языке.
This guide provides updated safety practices on the operation of tank-barges and terminals and continues to embrace a risk-based control philosophy. By enhancing risk awareness, ISGINTT seeks to foster an environment where the uncertainties associated with some shipboard operations are reduced not solely by prescription, but also by encouraging barge and terminal crew, as well as their employers, to identify the risks in everything they are doing and to then implement fit-for-purpose risk reduction measures. This puts the focus on people and is, therefore, entirely consistent with a strategy related to the human element which has had increased focus in recent years.
The purpose of this guide is to improve safety of transport of dangerous goods at the interface of inland tank-barge with other vessels or shore facilities (terminals). The guide is not intended to create, to replace or to amend current legal requirements, but to provide additional guidelines that should not be part of legal requirements.

Contents
Foreword
Introduction
Purpose and scope
Bibliography
Definitions
Part 1: General Information
1 Basic properties of bulk liquids
1.1 Vapour pressure
1.1.1 True Vapour Pressure
1.1.2 Reid Vapour Pressure
1.2 Flammability
1.2.1 General
1.2.2 Flammable limits
1.2.3 Effect of inert gas on flammability
1.2.4 Tests for flammability
1.2.5 Flashpoint
1.2.6 Flammability classification
1.3 Density of hydrocarbon gases
1.4 Corrosiveness
2 Hazards of bulk liquids
2.1 Flammability
2.2 Density
2.3 Toxicity
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Bulk liquids
2.3.3 Product vapours
2.3.4 Safety Data Sheets
2.3.5 Benzene, other carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic products, and other aromatic hydrocarbons
2.3.6 Hydrogen sulphide
2.3.7 Mercaptans
2.3.8 N/A
2.3.9 Inert gas
2.3.10 Oxygen deficiency
2.4 Gas measurement
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Measurement of product concentration
2.4.3 Flammable gas monitors
2.4.4 Non-catalytic heated filament gas indicators (tankscopes)
2.4.5 Inferometer (refractive index meter)
2.4.6 Infrared instruments
2.4.7 Measurement of low concentrations of toxic gases
2.4.8 Fixed gas detection systems
2.4.9 Measurement of oxygen concentrations
2.4.10 Use of oxygen analysers
2.4.11 Multi-gas instruments
2.4.12 Personal gas monitors
2.4.13 Gas sample lines and sampling procedures
2.5 Product gas evolution and dispersion
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Gas evolution and venting
2.5.3 Gas dispersion
2.5.4 Variables affecting dispersion
2.5.5 Minimising hazards from vented gas
2.5.6 N/A
2.6 N/A
2.7 The hazards associated with handling, storing and carrying residual fuel oil products
2.7.1 General
2.7.2 Nature of hazard
2.7.3 Flashpoint and headspace flammability measurement
2.7.4 Precautionary measures
2.7.5 Hydrogen sulphide hazard in residual fuel oils
3 Static electricity
3.1 Principles of electrostatics
3.1.1 Summary
3.1.2 Charge separation
3.1.3 Charge accumulation
3.1.4 Electrostatic discharge
3.1.5 Electrostatic properties of gases and mists
3.2 General precautions against electrostatic hazards
3.2.1 Overview
3.2.2 Bonding
3.2.3 Avoiding loose conductive objects
3.3 Other sources of electrostatic hazards
3.3.1 Filters
3.3.2 Fixed equipment in cargo tanks
3.3.3 Free fall in tanks
3.3.4 Water mists
3.3.5 Inert gas
3.3.6 Discharge of carbon dioxide
3.3.7 Clothing and footwear
3.3.8 Synthetic materials
4 General hazards for inland tanker and terminal
4.1 General principles
4.2 Control of potential ignition sources
4.2.1 Naked lights
4.2.2 Smoking
4.2.3 Galley stoves and cooking appliances
4.2.4 Engine and boiler rooms
4.3 Portable electrical equipment
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Lamps and other electrical equipment on flexible cables (wandering leads)
4.3.3 Air-driven lamps
4.3.4 Torches (flashlights), lamps and portable battery power
4.3.5 Cameras
4.3.6 Other portable electrical equipment
4.3.7 Lithium batteries
4.4 Management of electrical equipment and installations in hazardous areas
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Hazardous areas
4.4.3 Electrical equipment
4.4.4 Inspection and maintenance of electrical equipment
4.4.5 Electrical repairs, maintenance and test work at terminals
4.5 Use of tools
4.5.1 Grit blasting and mechanically powered tools
4.5.2 Hand tools
4.6 Equipment made of aluminium
4.7 Cathodic protection anodes in cargo tanks
4.8 Communications equipment
4.8.1 General
4.8.2 An inland tanker’s radio equipment
4.8.3 An inland tanker’s radar equipment
4.8.4 Automatic Identification Systems
4.8.5 Telephones
4.8.6 Mobile telephones
4.8.7 Pagers
4.9 Spontaneous combustion
4.10 Auto-ignition
4.11 Asbestos
5 Fire-fighting
5.1 Theory of fire-fighting
5.2 Types of fire and appropriate extinguishing agents
5.3 Extinguishing agents
5.3.1 Cooling agents
5.3.2 Smothering agents
5.3.3 Flame inhibiting agents
5.4 Fire detection systems
5.5 General precautions
6 Security
6.1 General
6.2 Security assessments
6.3 Responsibilities under the ISPS Code
6.4 Security plans in compliance with SOLAS and the ISPS Code
6.5 Security plans for inland tankers
6.6 Declaration of Security (DoS)
Part 2: Tanker Information
7 Shipboard systems
7.1 Fixed inert gas systems
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 Sources of inert gas
7.1.3 Composition and quality of inert gas
7.1.4 Methods of replacing tank atmospheres
7.1.5 Cargo tank atmosphere control
7.1.6 Application to cargo tank operations
7.1.7 Precautions to be taken to avoid health hazards
7.1.8 Cargo tank protection against over/under-pressure
7.1.9 N/A
7.1.10 N/A
7.1.11 Cold weather precautions for inert gas systems
7.1.12 Inert gas system failure
7.1.13 Inert gas plant repairs
7.2 Venting systems
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Tank over-pressurisation and under-pressurisation
7.3 Cargo and ballast systems
7.3.1 Operation manual
7.3.2 Cargo and ballast system integrity
7.3.3 Loading rates
7.3.4 Monitoring void and ballast spaces
7.4 Power and propulsion systems
7.5 N/A
7.6 N/A
8 Ship’s equipment
8.1 Shipboard fire-fighting equipment
8.1.1 General
8.1.2 Tanker fixed fire-fighting installations - cooling
8.1.3 Tanker fixed fire-fighting installations - smothering
8.1.4 Portable fire extinguishers
8.2 Gas testing equipment
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Summary of gas testing tasks
8.2.3 The provision of gas measuring instruments
8.2.4 Alarm functions on gas measuring instruments
8.2.5 Sampling lines
8.2.6 Calibration
8.2.7 Operational testing and inspection
8.2.8 Disposable personal gas monitors
8.3 Lifting equipment
8.3.1 Inspection and maintenance
8.3.2 Training
9 Management of safety and emergencies
9.1 Safety Management Systems
9.2 Risk Management
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Risk assessment
9.2.3 Hierarchy of controls
9.2.4 Marine interface risks
9.2.5 Management of Change
9.3 Permit to work systems
9.3.1 General
9.3.2 Permit to work systems: structure
9.3.3 Permit to work systems: principles of operation
9.3.4 Permit to work forms
9.3.5 Work planning meetings
9.3.6 Toolbox talks
9.3.7 Stop Work Authority
9.4 Hot work
9.4.1 Control of hot work
9.4.2 Hot work inside a designated space
9.4.3 Hot work outside a designated space
9.4.4 Hot work in hazardous areas
9.5 Welding and burning equipment
9.6 Other hazardous tasks
9.7 Management of contractors
9.8 Repairs at a facility other than a shipyard
9.8.1 Introduction
9.8.2 General
9.8.3 Supervision and control
9.8.4 Pre-arrival planning
9.8.5 Mooring arrangements
9.8.6 Shore facilities
9.8.7 Pre-work safety meeting
9.8.8 Work permits
9.8.9 Tank condition
9.8.10 Cargo lines
9.8.11 Fire-fighting precautions
9.8.12 Dedicated Safety Responsible Person
9.8.13 Hot work
9.9 Shipboard emergency management
9.9.1 General
9.9.2 Inland tanker emergency plan
9.9.3 Actions in an emergency
10 Enclosed spaces
10.1 Introduction to enclosed space entry safety
10.2 Safety management for entering enclosed spaces
10.2.1 General
10.2.2 Managing controlled entry into enclosed spaces
10.2.3 Managing enclosed spaces not planned for entry
10.3 Identifying enclosed spaces
10.4 The hazards of enclosed space atmospheres
10.4.1 Oxygen deficiency
10.4.2 Presence of toxic and/or flammable gases
10.4.3 Risk from Inert Gas including nitrogen
10.4.4 Oxygen enrichment
10.5 General precautions
10.6 Authorisation of entry
10.7 Requirements for enclosed space entry
10.7.1 Control of entry into enclosed spaces
10.7.2 Atmosphere tests before entry
10.7.3 Enclosed space entry permit
10.8 Precautions during entry into enclosed spaces
10.9 Work in enclosed spaces
10.9.1 General requirements
10.9.2 Opening equipment and fittings
10.9.3 Use of tools
10.9.4 Use of electric lights and electrical equipment
10.9.5 Removal of sludge, scale and sediment
10.9.6 Use of work boats
10.10 Entering enclosed spaces with atmospheres known or suspected to be unsafe
10.11 Rescue and evacuation from enclosed spaces
10.11.1 Evacuation from enclosed spaces
10.11.2 Organising rescue and recovery from enclosed spaces
10.11.3 Cargo pumproom entry precautions
10.11.4 Cargo pumproom entry procedures
10.11.5 Cargo pumproom ventilation
10.12 Respiratory Protective Equipment
10.12.1 Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
10.12.2 Air-line breathing apparatus
10.12.3 Emergency Escape Breathing Device
10.12.4 Equipment maintenance
10.12.5 Stowage
10.12.6 Breathing apparatus training
11 Shipboard operations
11.1 Cargo operations
11.1.1 General
11.1.2 Setting of lines and valves
11.1.3 Valve operation
11.1.4 Pressure surges
11.1.5 Butterfly and non-return (check) valves
11.1.6 Loading Procedures
11.1.7 Loading static accumulator oils
11.1.8 Loading very high-vapour pressure cargoes
11.1.9 Loading cargoes containing hydrogen sulphide
11.1.10 Loading cargoes containing benzene
11.1.11 Loading heated products
11.1.12 N/A
11.1.13 Loading at terminals that have vapour emission control systems
11.1.14 Discharging procedures
11.1.15 Pipeline and hose clearing following cargo operations
11.2 Stability, stress, trim and sloshing considerations
11.2.1 General
11.2.2 Free surface effects
11.2.3 Sloshing
11.2.4 Loading and discharge planning
11.3 Tank cleaning
11.3.1 General
11.3.2 Tank-washing risk management
11.3.3 Supervision and preparation
11.3.4 Tank atmospheres
11.3.5 Tank washing
11.3.6 Precautions for tank washing
11.4 Gas-freeing
11.4.1 General
11.4.2 Gas-free for entry without breathing apparatus
11.4.3 Procedures and precautions
11.4.4 Gas testing and measurement
11.4.5 Fixed gas-freeing equipment
11.4.6 Portable fans
11.4.7 Ventilating double-hull ballast tanks
11.4.8 Gas-freeing in preparation for hot work
11.5 N/A
11.6 Ballast operations
11.6.1 Introduction
11.6.2 General
11.6.3 N/A
11.6.4 Loading segregated ballast
11.6.5 N/A
11.6.6 Discharging segregated ballast
11.6.7 N/A
11.6.8 N/A
11.7 Cargo leaks into double-hull tanks
11.7.1 Action to be taken
11.7.2 N/A
11.8 Cargo measurement, ullaging, dipping and sampling
11.8.1 General
11.8.2 Measuring and sampling non-inerted tanks
11.8.3 Measuring and sampling inerted tanks
11.8.4 Measuring and sampling cargoes containing toxic substances
11.8.5 Closed gauging for custody transfer
11.9 Transfers between vessels
11.9.1 Tanker-to-tanker transfers
11.9.2 Seagoing vessel-to-inland tanker and inland tanker-to-seagoing vessel
11.9.3 Tanker-to-tanker transfers using vapour balancing
11.9.4 Tanker-to-tanker transfers using terminal facilities
11.9.5 Tanker-to-tanker electric currents
12 Carriage and storage of hazardous materials
12.1 Liquefied gases
12.2 Tanker’s stores
12.2.1 General
12.2.2 Paint
12.2.3 Chemicals
12.2.4 Cleaning liquids
12.2.5 Spare gear storage
12.3 Cargo and bunker samples
12.4 Other materials
12.4.1 Sawdust, oil-absorbent granules and pads
12.4.2 Garbage
12.5 Packaged cargoes
12.5.1 Petroleum and other flammable liquids
12.5.2 N/A
12.5.3 Entry into holds
12.5.4 N/A
12.5.5 N/A
12.5.6 N/A
12.5.7 N/A
12.5.8 Material stowed on deck
12.5.9 N/A
13 Human factors
13.1 General
13.2 Identification and analysis of Safety Critical Tasks
13.3 Design
13.4 Risk assessment
13.5 Procedures
13.6 Leadership
13.7 Confidence to stop work or speak up
13.8 Fatigue
13.9 Manning levels
13.10 Individual training, experience and competence
13.11 Practising team skills
13.12 Human factors in investigation and learning
14 Special ship types
Part 3: Terminal Information
15 Terminal management and information
15.1 Marine Terminal Information System
15.1.1 Marine Terminal Particulars Questionnaire
15.1.2 Marine Terminal Management and Self Assessment
15.1.3 Marine Terminal Operator Competence and Training
15.2 Hazard identification and risk management
15.3 Operating manual
15.4 Terminal information and port regulations
15.5 Supervision and control
15.5.1 Manning levels
15.5.2 De-manning berths during cargo handling
15.5.3 Checks on quantity during cargo handling
15.5.4 Training
15.6 Documentation
16 Terminal operations
16.1 Pre-arrival communications
16.2 Mooring
16.2.1 Mooring equipment
16.3 Limiting conditions for operations
16.4 Inland tanker/shore access
16.4.1 General
16.4.2 Provision of inland tanker/shore access
16.4.3 Access equipment
16.4.4 Siting of gangway
16.4.5 Safety nets
16.4.6 Routine maintenance
16.4.7 Unauthorised people
16.4.8 People smoking or intoxicated
16.5 Double banking
16.6 Over-the-tide cargo operations
16.6.1 Discharging over the tide
16.6.2 Loading over the tide
16.7 Operations where the inland tanker is not always afloat
16.8 Generation of pressure surges in pipelines
16.8.1 Introduction
16.8.2 Generation of a pressure surge
16.9 Assessment of pressure surges
16.9.1 Effective valve closure time
16.9.2 Derivation of total pressure in the system
16.9.3 Overall system design
16.10 Reduction of pressure surge hazard
16.10.1 General precautions
16.10.2 Limiting the flow rate to avoid the risk of a damaging pressure surge
16.11 Pipeline flow control as a static precaution
16.11.1 General
16.11.2 Flow control requirements
16.11.3 Controlling loading rates
16.11.4 Discharge into shore installations
17 Terminal systems and equipment
17.1 Electrical equipment
17.2 Fendering
17.3 Lifting equipment
17.3.1 Inspection and maintenance
17.3.2 Training in the use of lifting equipment
17.4 Lighting
17.5 Inland tanker/shore electrical isolation
17.5.1 General
17.5.2 Inland tanker-to-shore electric currents
17.5.3 N/A
17.5.4 Inland tanker/shore bonding cables
17.5.5 Insulating flange
17.6 Earthing and bonding practice in the terminal
17.7 Vigilance control (dead man’s switch)
18 Cargo transfer equipment
18.1 Marine Loading Arms
18.1.1 Operating envelope
18.1.2 Forces on manifolds
18.1.3 Inland tanker manifold restrictions
18.1.4 Inadvertent filling of arms while parked
18.1.5 Ice formation
18.1.6 Mechanical couplers
18.1.7 Wind forces
18.1.8 Precautions when connecting and disconnecting arms
18.1.9 Precautions while arms are connected
18.1.10 Powered emergency-release couplings
18.2 Cargo hoses
18.2.1 General
18.2.2 Types and applications
18.2.3 Performance
18.2.4 Marking
18.2.5 Flow velocities
18.2.6 Inspection, testing and maintenance requirements for cargo hoses
18.2.7 Hose flange standards
18.2.8 Operating conditions
18.2.9 Extended storage
18.2.10 Handling, lifting and suspending
18.2.11 Adjustment during cargo handling operations
18.2.12 Submarine and floating hose strings
18.2.13 Hoses used in Ship to Ship transfers
18.2.14 Electrical isolation
18.3 Vapour emission control systems
19 Safety and fire protection
19.1 Safety
19.1.1 Design considerations
19.1.2 Safety management
19.1.3 Permit to work systems: general considerations
19.2 Terminal fire protection
19.2.1 General
19.2.2 Fire prevention and isolation
19.2.3 Fire detection and alarm systems
19.2.4 Automatic detection systems
19.2.5 Selection of fire detectors
19.2.6 Location and spacing of heat, smoke and fire gas detection systems
19.2.7 Fixed combustible and toxic gas detection systems
19.2.8 Locating fixed combustible and toxic gas detection systems
19.2.9 Fixed combustible and toxic gas analysers
19.2.10 Fire-extinguishing system compatibility
19.3 Alarm and signalling systems
19.3.1 Types of alarm systems
19.3.2 Types of signal
19.3.3 Alarm and signalling system design
19.3.4 Alternative alarm and signalling system design
19.3.5 Interface between detection systems and alarm or fire-extinguishing systems - circuit design
19.3.6 Electric power sources
19.4 Detection and alarm systems at terminals handling crude oil, petroleum and chemical products
19.4.1 General
19.4.2 Control rooms/control buildings
19.5 Fire-fighting equipment
19.5.1 Terminal fire-fighting equipment
19.5.2 Portable and wheeled fire extinguishers and monitors
19.5.3 Terminal fixed fire-fighting equipment
19.6 Water-borne fire-fighting equipment
19.7 Protective clothing
19.8 Access for fire-fighting services
20 Emergency preparedness
20.1 Overview
20.2 Terminal emergency planning - plan components and procedures
20.2.1 Preparation
20.2.2 Control
20.2.3 Communications and alarms
20.2.4 Site plans and maps
20.2.5 Access to equipment
20.2.6 Road traffic movement and control
20.2.7 Outside services
20.2.8 Training for emergencies
20.3 Definition and hierarchy of emergencies
20.3.1 General
20.3.2 Hierarchy of emergencies
20.3.3 Assessing risks
20.4 Terminal emergency plan
20.4.1 Format
20.4.2 Preparation
20.4.3 Miscellaneous organisational items
20.5 Spill response
20.5.1 Tiered response
20.5.2 Resource availability
20.6 Emergency removal of inland tanker from berth
21 Emergency evacuation
21.1 General
21.1.1 Inland tanker evacuation
21.1.2 Non-essential personnel
21.2 Evacuation and personnel escape routes
21.2.1 Primary and secondary escape routes
21.2.2 Boat access
21.2.3 Availability of rescue craft
21.2.4 Life-saving appliances
21.3 N/A
21.4 Training and drills
Part 4: Management of the Inland Tanker and Terminal Interface
22 Communications
22.1 Procedures and precautions
22.1.1 Communications equipment
22.1.2 Communications procedures
22.1.3 Compliance with terminal and local regulations
22.2 Pre-arrival exchange of information
22.2.1 Exchange of security information
22.2.2 Inland tanker to appropriate competent authority
22.2.3 Inland tanker to terminal
22.2.4 Terminal to inland tanker
22.3 Pre-berthing exchange of information
22.3.1 Inland tanker to terminal and/or pilot
22.3.2 Terminal to inland tanker
22.4 Pre-transfer exchange of information
22.4.1 Inland tanker to terminal
22.4.2 Terminal to inland tanker
22.5 Agreed loading plan
22.6 Agreed discharge plan
22.7 Agreement to carry out repairs
22.7.1 Repairs on the inland tanker
22.7.2 Repairs on the terminal
22.7.3 Use of tools while an inland tanker is alongside a terminal
23 Mooring
23.1 Mooring safety
23.1.1 Snap-back
23.2 Security of moorings
23.3 Preparations for arrival
23.3.1 Tanker’s mooring equipment
23.3.2 N/A
23.3.3 N/A
23.4 Mooring at jetty berths
23.4.1 Type and quality of mooring lines
23.4.2 Management of moorings at alongside berths
23.5 N/A
24 Precautions on inland tankers and terminals during cargo handling
24.1 External openings in accommodation and engine rooms
24.2 Air conditioning and ventilation systems
24.3 Openings in cargo tanks
24.3.1 Cargo tank lids
24.3.2 Sighting and ullage ports
24.3.3 Cargo tank vent outlets
24.3.4 Tank washing openings
24.4 Inspection of inland tanker cargo tanks before loading
24.5 Segregated ballast tank lids
24.6 Inland tanker and shore cargo connections
24.6.1 Flange connections
24.6.2 Removal of blank flanges
24.6.3 Reducers and spools
24.6.4 Lighting
24.6.5 Emergency release
24.7 Accidental product spills and leaks
24.7.1 General
24.7.2 N/A
24.7.3 Scupper plugs
24.7.4 Spill containment
24.7.5 Inland tanker and shore cargo and bunker pipelines not in use
24.8 Fire-fighting equipment
24.9 Proximity to other vessels
24.9.1 Inland tanker at adjacent berths
24.9.2 General cargo ship at adjacent berths
24.9.3 Inland tanker operations at general cargo berths
24.9.4 Tugs and other craft alongside
24.10 Notices
24.10.1 Notices on the inland tanker
24.10.2 Notices on the terminal
24.11 Manning requirements
24.12 Control of naked flames and other potential ignition sources
24.13 Control of vehicles and other equipment
24.14 N/A
25 Bunkering operations
25.1 General
25.2 Bunkering procedures
25.3 The bunkering operation
25.4 The bunkering safety checklist for bunker delivery to inland ships
25.4.1 General
25.4.2 Guidelines for use
25.4.3 Bunkering safety checklist for bunker delivery to inland ships
26 Safety management
26.1 Climatic conditions
26.1.1 Terminal advice of bad weather
26.1.2 Wind conditions
26.1.3 Electrical storms (lightning)
26.2 Personnel safety
26.2.1 Personal Protective Equipment
26.2.2 Slip and fall hazards
26.2.3 Personal hygiene
26.2.4 Clothing made of synthetic materials
26.3 The safety checklists
26.3.1 General
26.3.2 Guidelines for use
26.4 Guidelines for completing the inland tanker-shore safety checklists
26.5 Emergency actions
26.5.1 Fire or explosion on a berth
26.5.2 Fire on an inland tanker at a terminal or on the other inland tanker
26.5.3 International shore fire connection (if required)
26.5.4 Emergency release procedures
26.5.5 Emergency towing-off pennants
Part 5: Gas
27 Basic properties of liquefied gases
27.1 Liquefied gases
27.2 Liquefied gas production
27.2.1 Liquified Natural Gas production
27.2.2 Liquid Petroleum Gas production
27.2.3 Production of chemical gases
27.2.4 The principal products
27.3 Chemical structure of gases
27.4 Chemical properties
27.5 Inert gas and nitrogen
27.6 Polymerisation
27.7 Hydrate formation
27.8 Lubrication
27.9 Physical properties
27.10 States of matter
27.10.1 Solids, liquids and gases
27.10.2 Liquefied gas spills
27.11 Principles of refrigeration
27.12 Critical temperatures and pressures
27.13 Liquid/vapour volume relationships
27.14 Ideal gas laws
27.15 Saturated vapour pressure
27.16 Liquid and vapour densities
27.16.1 Liquid density
27.16.2 Vapour density
27.17 Physical properties of gas mixtures
27.18 Bubble points and dew points for mixtures
27.19 Reliquefaction and enthalpy
27.19.1 Enthalpy
27.19.2 Refrigeration
27.20 Flammability
27.21 Suppression of flammability by inert gas
27.22 Sources of ignition
28 Hazards of gases
28.1 Cargo hazards
28.2 Flammability
28.2.1 Operational aspects
28.2.2 Emergency aspects
28.3 Air deficiency
28.3.1 Toxicity
28.3.2 Asphyxia (suffocation)
28.3.3 Medical treatment
28.3.4 Oxygen therapy
28.4 Frostbite
28.5 Chemical burns
28.6 Hazardous atmospheres
28.6.1 The need for gas testing
28.6.2 Oxygen analysers
28.6.3 Combustible gas indicators
28.6.4 Toxicity detection systems
29 Static electricity
29.1 Electrostatics
30 Fire-fighting
30.1 The principal hazards
30.1.1 Flammability
30.2 Liquefied gas fires
30.2.1 General
30.2.2 Jet fires
30.2.3 Liquid (pool) fires
30.2.4 Fires in compressor rooms
30.2.5 Manifold fires
30.3 Liquefied gas fire-fighting
30.3.1 Extinguishing mediums
30.3.2 Training
30.3.3 Immediate measures
31 Shipboard systems
31.1 Cargo pipelines and valves
31.1.1 Cargo pipelines
31.1.2 Cargo valves
31.1.3 Emergency shutdown systems
31.1.4 Relief valves for cargo tanks and pipelines
31.2 Cargo pumps
31.3 Cargo heaters
31.4 Cargo vaporisers
31.5 Cargo compressors and associated equipment
31.5.1 Reciprocating compressors
31.5.2 Screw compressors
31.5.3 Compressor suction liquid separator
31.6 Inert gas and nitrogen systems
31.6.1 Nitrogen production on tankers
31.6.2 Pure nitrogen from the shore
31.7 Electrical equipment in gas dangerous spaces
31.8 Instrumentation
31.8.1 Liquid level instrumentation
31.8.2 Level alarm and automatic shutdown systems
31.8.3 Pressure and temperature monitoring
32 Shipboard operations
32.1 Sequence of operations
32.2 Tank inspection, drying and inerting
32.2.1 Tank inspection
32.2.2 Drying
32.3.3 Inerting - before loading
32.3 Gassing-up
32.4 N/A
32.5 Loading
32.5.1 Loading - preliminary procedures
32.5.2 Control of vapours during loading
32.5.3 Loading - early stages
32.5.4 Bulk loading
32.5.5 Maximum tank-filling limits
32.6 The loaded voyage
32.7 Discharging
32.7.1 Discharge by pressurising the vapour space
32.7.2 Discharge by pumps
32.7.3 Draining tanks and pipelines
32.8 The ballast voyage
32.9 Changing cargo (and preparation for drydock)
32.9.1 Removal of remaining liquid
32.9.2 Inerting - after discharge
32.9.3 Aerating
32.9.4 Ammonia - special procedures
32.10 Ship-to-ship transfer
32.11 Conclusion
33 Types of gas carriers
33.1 Types of gas carriers
33.2 Cargo containment systems
33.2.1 Independent tanks
33.2.2 Membrane tanks
33.2.3 Semi-membrane tanks
33.3 Construction material and insulation
33.3.1 Construction materials
33.3.2 Tank insulation
Appendix 1: Tanker-Shore Safety Checklist
Appendix 2: Seagoing\-Inland\ Tanker/Inland Tanker Safety Checklist
Appendix 3: Hazardous Disposal Safety Checklist
Appendix 4: Non-Hazardous Disposal Safety Checklist
Appendix 5: Bunkering Safety Checklist for Bunker Delivery to Inland Ships
Appendix 6: Bunkering Safety Checklist for Bunker Delivery to Maritime Ships
Appendix 7: Guidelines for Completing the Safety Checklists